Scientific advances on Cloning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Scientific advances on Cloning - Research Paper Example The Scottish scientist Ian Wilmut of the Roslin Institute, along with his colleagues, announced on February 23, 1996 they had cloned a sheep by using a ground-technique. The method involved transplanting genetic matter from an adult sheep into a hollowed-out egg, an egg that had its nucleus removed. â€Å"The researchers fused the adult udder cell with an (egg) that was ready to be fertilized, but taken from a different sheep. The scientists had previously removed the nucleus from the (egg) using an electrical current to fuse it with the udder cell.† (Barnes, 2012). This sequence instigated cell division. The resulting embryo was then implanted into another sheep who acted as the surrogate-mother. The secret to this method’s success was making the nucleus of the donor’s udder cell â€Å"silent† so it would quit performing as it was originally intended and then reprogrammed it to act as an embryonic cell. That embryo would become Dolly; a sheep with three à ¢â‚¬Å"mothers† involved but only related biologically to the one that donated an udder cell. Consequently, Dolly is an exact genetic reproduction of the donor-cell sheep.Previous cloning experiments that used embryonic cells created a being that was the identical offspring of two parents instead of being an exact genetic duplicate of just one adult. Science successful copied a mammal from one parent for the first time. For nearly half a century, the system of relocating a nucleus from a somatic egg cell using nuclei from non-human embryonic cell continued. It was demonstrated that, in theory, up until the birth of Dolly that genetic material contained in somatic cells could maintain the potential to guide development of a healthy and fertile adult mammal. Scientists had thought once cellular differentiation materializes, this procedure would be reversible, able to change into another type of cell. However, until Dolly was born, the ability to do so was unproved. â€Å"The dem onstration that nuclei from cells derived from an adult animal could be reprogrammed, or that the full genetic complement of such a cell could be reactivated well into the chronological life of the cell, is what sets the results of this experiment apart from prior work† (Di Bernadino, 1997). From the mid-‘80’s scientists frequently cloned mammals, specifically cattle and sheep, from embryonic cells but the cloning of Dolly was the first time an animal developed to maturity by using a somatic cell nucleus from a single animal. This innovative method of cloning included three new developments: â€Å"

The soiling of old glory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The soiling of old glory - Essay Example At that time Attackers and victims seems quiet. April 5, Monday morning when students of South Boston and Charles town boycott of classes to participate in the rally against busing at City Hall Plaza and the Federal Building because from June 1974 Boston had deliberately maintained segregated schools, first step to raise a conflicts between Black and white people/students. The US District Judge and his companions ordered a program of busing which promotes more and more desegregation, boycotts in all over the city which disturbs the normal Life and violence had vexed the schools and city because of this the studies of students totally disturbed. Two hundred white students combined for the march to City Hall Plaza. Some students don’t know the reason of rally but they attended the rally for any reason and basically no reason of this rally. This rally just propagates the air of race and class. White students hated blacks they followed their parents; students enjoyed days off from school, students having immature minds just need a reason to hang out with their friends. This movement of anti-busing portrays that people filled with patriotism and defend their liberty against this cruelness of a judge. Southside people belongs to South Boston also participate in this anti-busing movement and a spokesman James Kelly the leader represents the South Boston and he is also the president of South Boston Information center. Kelly is an educated person and got his graduation degree in 1958 from South Boston High School and he had a keen interest in games he played a football. He was a sheet metal worker and belongs to a very poor family; he learned trade from his job experience and raising his family in South Boston. Kelly was a child labor he didn’t earn much money he said â€Å"We were renters all our lives. I understand what it’s like to live week to week†. (JAMES KELLY) Kelly becomes economically unstable in 1967. He also spent his time in jail because of his drinking problem Kelly words about him is that â€Å"I am not a very nice guy to my family†. Kelly stopped drinking and his last drink on March 24, 1971. In 1973 Kelly get injured during his job sheet of metal slide injured his right hand and he get compensation from his company. During these holidays the busing crisis starts so he takes interest in this movement. Kelly and City Council president Louise Day Hicks gets active and take action against the desegregation orders of Boston School Committee in 1960s because they were their neighbors and friends so Kelly had not much interest in politics but due to these issues he get involved in politics. He always support and helped the people in their efforts because he wants to defend his community against this busing issue and charges of racism Kelly became active and organized a committee in early September 1974 through South Boston Information Center and work on inaccurate press reports about opposing to busing in aspect of all these segregated issues Kelly organized the protest on April 5. So the relationship of class and race introduced the character Kelly from South Boston. Kelly invites a people, students to protest against and opposed to busing. Kelly wants to end these busing orders, wanted to accurate reporting of racial incidents and he supports the people who want that superintendent to resign. Hicks who support Kelly and these protestors help them when students, marchers arrived at City Hall.

Matters Of National Interests And Security Politics Essay

Matters Of National Interests And Security Politics Essay In a very generic sense, national interests are that which is deemed by a particular state to be a . . . desirable goal. The attainment of this goal is something that the identifying state believes will have a positive impact on itself. Realization of the interest could enhance the political, economic, security, environmental, and/or moral well-being of a populace and the state or national enterprise to which they belong.  [2]  This holds true within the territory of the state, as well as in any external relations that the state may undertake outside of the administrative control of that state.  [3]   Interests serve as the foundation and guiding direction for the formulation of policy. For a nation-state, there is more often than not a direct correlation between the nations interests and foreign policy. In most cases, statesmen think and act in terms of interest.  [4]  Those interests believed to be the most significant for the attainment of a policy objective (the states wants and needs)  [5]  will earn the greatest amount of emphasis during the policy formulation process. They should be designed to tell the policymaker why and how much he should care about an issue. Interests help determine what kind and how much attention should be given to both challenges or threats and opportunities. They also assist the policymaker in identifying key issues during the policy formulation process. Some political scientists, like Hans Morgenthau, believe that national interests are permanent features of the international system. Regardless of what government is in power, the interests of a nation-state remain fixed components of the policymaking process. They are unaffected by the circumstances of time and place.  [6]   Morgenthau, himself, indicates that the key concept of interest is not to be defined with a meaning that is fixed once and for all.  [7]  Morgenthau believed the generic concept of interest was unchanging in terms of its importance to the international system. But this did not mean that individual interests could not be adjusted or newly created in order to take into account changes in the international system. Other theorists have argued that interests are likely to be a diverse, pluralistic set of subjective preferences that change periodically, both in response to the domestic political process itself and in response to shifts in the international environment. The national interest therefore is more likely to be what the policymakers say it is at any particular time.  [8]  The underlying three basic interests are:- Security: Protection of the people (both home and abroad), territory, and institutions of the State against potential foreign dangers.  [9]  This has always included defense of the homeland. Domestically, it also includes protection of critical infrastructure such as energy, banking and finance, telecommunications, transportation, water systems, and cyber networks.  [10]   Economic Well-Being: Promotion of international trade and investment, including protection of a States private economic interests in foreign countries.  [11]   Democratic Values: Until the 20th century, this core interest was confined to ensuring that the domestic democratic process and associated values framed the traditional tenets of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Some states may include the promotion of democracy and human rights abroad.  [12]   Just as the development of national interests is complex, so is the actual application of interests in the policy and strategy formulation process. The importance of national interests to the process is significant, as described by Lord Palmerston, the British foreign minister in 1856: When people ask me . . . for what is called a policy, the only answer is that we mean to do what may seem to be best, upon each occasion as it arises, making the interests of our country ones guiding principle.  [13]   The policy framer participating in the development of interests must take the following issues into account: How flexible can the interest of the moment be in relation to the states core interests of the period? Must the interest be based on either realism or morality, or rather; can it be some combination of the two? Where does the interest fit in terms of how it is to be categorized with what degree of intensity? Perhaps the most complicating factor that the policy framer must take into account will be the influence of domestic politics on the interest formulation process. The concept that resource allocation by type and quantity will be impacted by the identification of the interest designed to guide a policy creates a critical linkage between the two. The connection is key because, in a democracy, it is the government of a state actor that will have to sustain the investment of resources required to attain the interest. Interests with greater fidelity and less ambiguity are easier for governments and populations to support because they have a clearer idea of why it is they are being asked to do something, like allocate money or military forces.  [14]  At the same time, such a detailed understanding could lead to a lack of support on the part of either the government, the people, or parts thereof, if the interest is assessed to be too low on the scale of intensity. If they are to develop relevant and executable 21st century interests, a most important understanding for those participating in the interest development process must be that they are endowed with a degree of flexibility allowing them to discern the limits of domestic politics in terms of what types of interests are likely to be supportable. This must entail the provision of the maximum amount of data available for the development and resulting identification of the interests at hand. The greater the fidelity and degree of consensus on categorisation and level of intensity, the greater the possibility that the public will support actions to protect or advance the interest. DEFINITIONS At this juncture it would be worthwhile to look at some definitions, to get a complete perspective in to national interests,power and security. National interests The national interest, often referred to by the French term raison dÉtat, is a countrys goals and ambitions whether economic, military, or cultural. The notion is an important one in international relations where pursuit of the national interest is the foundation of the realist school. It has 5 major dimensions namely; Geo Political, Economic, Military, Socio-cultural, and Science Technology. National Interests therefore stem from the evolving National goals in each of these dimensions and is also a reflection of the relative National Strengths with regard to these dimensions. POWER In the context of international relations and diplomacy, power (sometimes clarified as international power, national power, or state power) is the ability of one state to influence or control other states. States with this ability are called powers, NATIONAL STRATEGY The art and science of developing, applying, and coordinating the instruments of national power (diplomatic, economic, military, and informational) to achieve objectives that contribute to national security. Also called national strategy or grand strategy. NATIONAL SECURITY 1. National security is the requirement to maintain the survival of the nation-state through the use of economic, military and political power and the exercise of diplomacy. 2. National security can be defined as a collective term encompassing both national defence and foreign relations.  [15]  In general, it is the study of the security problems faced by [actors], of the policies and programs by which these problems are addressed, and also of the government processes through which the policies and programs are decided upon and carried out.  [16]  It relates both externally and internally to the actor-the foreign and domestic components of national security. 3. In the context of USA it is a collective term encompassing both national defense and foreign relations of the United States. Specifically, the condition provided by: (a) a military or defense advantage over any foreign nation or group of nations; (b) a favorable foreign relations position; or (c) a defense posture capable of successfully resisting hostile or destructive action from within or without, overt or covert. 4. National security is thus a multi-dimensional view and response towards protecting National Interests against internal and external threats. It is dynamic and evolving as a derivative of National Interests which in itself is an evolving derivative of National Strength. It Underpins and guarantees the pursuit of National Objectives in a competing international arena. Further any issue that has the potential to directly impact the pursuit of National Goals can be classified as an area of National Interest, and it can thus be brought under the ambit of national security. ECONOMIC POWER Modern conflict, from conventional warfare to diplomatic disputes, has increasingly involved economics in some form. Nations use economic tools to pursue objectives, seek economic resources as national goals, or are affected by economic events that influence their national security. Both state and non-state actors use economic power to wage war and to influence events regionally or globally. Economic considerations range from simple access to resources like water or raw materials through transforming resources into finished products or services to providing financial resources. The ability to gather, transform, and use resources is a key component to national security. Many human activities, including those involving national security, can be either severely limited or dramatically enhanced by economic factors. Military operations and other national security actions frequently depend on the results of economic capability. Without the capacity to produce, finance, or support key natio nal security activities, a nation would have a limited ability to protect its domestic and international interests. Economic power has spread widely and gained importance in recent years. Globalisation, the reliance on economics, and the diffusion of economic power from a few industrial states to many developing ones has radically changed the world. Global economic success has also conferred power on a large group of sovereign governments and even corporations. The threat or actual action by a government, organization, or cartel can create enormous economic impact. Markets are extremely sensitive to news that would affect potential financial or economic activity. Oil prices can rise rapidly if tensions increase in the Persian Gulf or if a natural disaster occurs. Single events with little obvious international significance could ignite a sell off by investors in overseas and domestic stock markets. Global communications can spread panic and exacerbate the condition. The changing environment has altered the emphasis on national elements of power so that military power is not necessarily the primary coercive tool in international relations, and economic power has gained increased importance  [17]  . During the age of total war that spanned World Wars I and II, military power was the coin of the realm in foreign affairs. Economic power played a role in those wars, but the fight for national survival overrode the impact of domestic and international macroeconomic stability or growth. Economics served primarily as a provider of resources to the military element of power. In an era of increased consumer demand, technological growth, changes in society, and the evolving nature of conflict, the importance of economic considerations rose. During the Cold War, national survival was still at stake, but even then economic considerations became just as important as nuclear parity with the Soviet Union. President Dwight D. Eisenhower warned of military ex penditures impeding future economic growth the net result of which would degrade security for the nation. Nuclear sufficiency became acceptable rather than superiority with the associated costly numbers of intercontinental ballistic missiles, strategic bombers, and submarines. Guns versus butter questions also arose as the challenges of an undeclared Cold War against Moscow pitted social spending against defence resources. Today, economic issues play a pivotal role in conflict. Advanced technology, contractors on the battlefield, volunteer militaries (that tend to be more expensive than conscript armies), reconstruction of battle ravaged nations, and other considerations make war and conflict expensive. Countries do not have inexhaustible resources to conduct long wars even if there is a direct and desperate threat to national survival. Questions of national treasury, consumer demand, labour constraints, finance, and other economic considerations can sway public sentiment against a conflict. If one nation wages war or takes other actions to isolate another state, investors around the world become nervous. Stock and commodity markets could affect financial conditions and create unforeseen reactions. These reactions may create adverse conditions that could force a change in strategy by the nation trying to influence a rivals behavior  [18]  . As economic issues affect national security capabilities and activities, so might efforts that involve national security create global economic impacts. War or political disruption in an oil producing region will initiate tremors in the international energy sector. Although a nation might not be directly affected by the initial problem, the populace can suffer from increased prices from petroleum products that could result in greater unemployment, inflation, credit issues, and foreign exchange problems. Demands for added military expenditures could translate to increased taxes that discourage consumer spending and business investment or reductions in other governmental activities that can directly shape the economic landscape. Competition for limited resources to meet national security policy objectives could also hamper private or other governmental activities. Nations can increase borrowing, raise taxes, spend surpluses, confiscate resources, or monetize debt. All of these options have unique economic effects on a nation. Economics is an element of national power. Normally, one of a nations key national interests is maintaining a viable economy to ensure a certain standard of living for its citizenry. States can use economic power to deter, compel, coerce, fight, and even rebuild a former opponent to meet a particular need. Economics becomes a vital component of the ends, ways, and means of security. Perhaps uniquely among the traditional elements of national power, economics might be any of the three aspects of strategy-the objective of a nations strategy might be economic; economics might provide the means to achieve the end; or a nation might pursue its ends using economics as the primary way to exert power. Whether economics is a way or a means to achieve a national interest or if it is a cause or motivation to take an action, national leaders must pay attention to this increasingly significant security factor. ECONOMICS AND NATIONAL INTEREST States and non-state actors have historically fought over economic issues. Wars about open access to resources, trade routes, competition, profit, and other economic issues are common in military and diplomatic history. A keen competition for resources among governments, individuals, corporations, and other actors has created a complex web of economic dependencies and rivalries that was not as important in the past. Similarly, economic conditions can create an environment that fosters demands for change that could create a civil war, a fight for access to markets or resources, or other forms of economic competition. Countries with weak or failing economies may resort to actions that they might not have considered had their economies been stronger. One specific area which deserves a brief discussion is oil as a cause or objective of war. Reliable access to oil at reasonable rates is a vital national security interest for every developed and many of the more developing nations. Governments or international organizations that control oil production or pricing can effectively disrupt global economic conditions-whether purposefully or accidentally. A monopoly or oligopoly that controls a strategic asset, capability, or raw material has great potential to disrupt economies and create political instability, although few commodities have the same potential impact as oil. Major perceived or actual disruptions in the oil market are serious events that easily can trigger hostile responses from concerned governments. Today, oil is the best example of a resource that is both scarce and vital; however, other resources like water are also likely sources of conflict. We can expect economic issues-particularly access to raw materials and resou rces-to remain one of the significant objectives of international relations and causes of conflict. Economic intervention in or withdrawal from the economy of a foreign nation-as opposed to supporting its debt-can have tremendous impact on the financial well being of a region or country. Governments do not usually participate directly in the economy of another nation. However, direct participation in the economy of another nation through private companies is widespread. Depending on the business and political climate of firms home state, such participation may provide some degree of power for that home state  [19]  . Regardless of the degree of external governmental control, decisions by private firms and multinational corporations to invest or do business in a country can influence national policies. Such decisions are independent and can be contrary to a host nations interests. In an age of globalized financial markets, almost any corporation, organization, or individual can transfer capital into a country or take it out. This transfer generally can occur by using national or international stock, bond, commodity markets, or through direct investment into business ventures. Rapid inflow of capital can provide a needed boast to growth while rapid outflow can sink a nation into recession. Governments can use their economic power through other means. For example, rather than lending money by bond purchases, they can provide direct support to another nation through a variety of programs that essentially provide money or services. Foreign aid, loan guarantees, technical aid and services, and other assistance can provide a number of flexible tools to support national interests. The transfer of wealth from developed to developing countries that sell raw materials or manufacture low-cost products can create economic problems. Governments worried about the outflow of capital, goods, services, industries, and jobs might erect barriers to restrict or stop trade. Such actions rarely go unchallenged, and a counter tariff barrier or legal challenge is a likely response. Conversely, governments willing to accept what are hopefully temporary trade imbalances for potential future benefits may allow the transfer of wealth and even industries and jobs to continue. Such is the political and economic theory behind the whole free trade movement-the North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) being a visible example. Transfer of key technologies, processes, equipment, or skills can also enable foreign governments and private firms-granting in some cases access to capabilities that would have taken years and many resources to acquire independently. Economic power normally involves the trade of finished goods or raw materials. Few countries can claim to produce all of the goods and services that their citizens use. Many nations require energy imports to subsist. Conversely, nations that may have oil, natural gas, or other energy sources might need food imports or other foreign services like skilled labour. Nations can work within international trade agreements, or they may take unilateral action to expand or restrict trade. A country might try to limit trade to hurt a rival. Economic power could also prevent or limit actions taken by a rival. Suppose a country requires a scarce raw material. If an adversary has sufficient funds, influence, or credit, it could purchase and withhold that raw material from its foe. The nation could also coerce sellers to prevent sale of that raw material to the opponent. States could put pressure indirectly on an opponents allies to force a nation to take certain actions. After the 1973 Yom Kippur War, Arab oil-producing countries refused to sell oil to the United States and other nations that supported Israel. This embargo boosted oil prices and shifted international power from the developed nations to ones that relied primarily on oil extraction. Political and economic power was redistributed when these actions were combined with the nationalization of private, foreign-owned petroleum companies in these oil exporting nations.  [20]   THE PRIVATE SECTOR AS A STRATEGIC TOOL Although not generally controlled by governments, disregarding currency manipulations designed to offset them, commercial balance of payments are another form of debt that can have foreign policy implications. Fears of a pending financial disaster could cause lenders to pull capital out of the market and further exacerbate the situation. Unfortunately, globalized communications can now spread fears among global investors almost instantaneously. The result is that economic issues that might have been localized events only decades ago can now turn into global issues. Additionally, since private investors may act contrary to government desires, governmental and even international efforts to stem economic crises may be ineffective. Some nations fear excessive foreign investment due to a perceived influence or concern over precipitous withdrawal; others accept the risk and welcome foreign investment as a reasonably available source of funds. Although some nations find these actions helpful, critics argue that this capability can also be used to stifle competition, protect national interests, or create geopolitical troublemaking.  [21]  Foreign funds do provide a needed economic boast, but t hey can also disappear quickly should confidence fail Multinational corporations and firms typically have the resources and ability to get access to once closed markets. Governments might offer subsidies or grant special benefits to attract business to their country. Once established, the multinational corporation could exert a powerful influence on the government since its affairs affect the nations economy. Similarly, in highly contested markets, a multinational corporation could offer restricted technologies, move production of key subcomponents, offer bribes, expand production beyond the initial plan, or provide other incentives to gain access to the market. Companies can lobby their home countrys government (assuming it favours the move into the other nations market) for help lifting trade restrictions or access to technology or influencing the host nations foreign policy. In the most basic sense, economic power is an entitys ability to acquire, produce, and use raw materials, goods, and services. A nation cannot engage in conflict over an extended period without an adjustment to its economy. In many cases, countries must devote goods or services to prepare for or fight a war or even to conduct other activities that affect the national interest. Humanitarian aid, defence expenditures, diplomacy, alliance membership, and other vital actions depend on a countrys ability to raise and spend tax revenues, borrow funds, use surpluses, or finance these measures. Economic power allows players to conduct actions by providing the personnel, equipment, operating materials, infrastructure, and short or long term sustainment of that capability Governments purchase commodities and equipment like a business, obtain labour (military, government civilian, and contractor), maintain physical infrastructure, conduct research and development, and in some cases also produce unique goods and services peculiar to national security. Resource decisions mold the creation of force structure to include investments in weapons, recruitment and retention of military and civilian personnel, decisions to fund military or non-military government programs, and a host of other concerns that affect national security policy. Further, economic conditions, once the exclusive concern of financial institutions, investors, and businesses, now affect military decisions that range from recruitment to government borrowing that directly influences a powers ability to provide military capability. Arms sales, transfers of key military technologies or technologies related to weapons of mass destruction, contracting for goods and services by individuals and firms, and other economic activities can influence the national security environment. Nations that have sufficient resources can upgrade their military forces with more and better capabilities. Military forces that lack personnel or equipment could rely on contracted services or purchase advanced weaponry from other nations. If the state has limited forces, it can change the composition of its military forces by hiring specialized services that would have taken years to develop or that they only need for a limited time. Contractors on the battlefield are not new phenomena. The U.S. Government has used contractors in several wars. Other nations have hired military pilots and aircraft, logistics, and combat forces to expand and enhance their limited capabilities. Today, governments can lease satellite communications, photographic imagery, multi-spectral analysis, and navigational systems that were once the province of superpowers that had exclusive use of space systems. Individuals, firms, and governments can use these functions-for a price. This capability can change a balance of power at critical times during a conflict. Oil profits have allowed the Russian government to finance a larger military budget that has given Moscow the ability to build a new intercontinental ballistic missile, aircraft, and other weapons to revitalize its national security and foreign policies. Other countries, like Iran and Venezuela, also fuel their defense and security programs by oil sales. Nations building advanced technology consumer goods like information systems could use similar technologies to improve their military forces. While national leaders consider and adapt economics as an element of national power, these same leaders are also affected by economic events that may limit their policies options. Economic considerations can have very influential impacts on the conduct of military operations and diplomatic actions. Globalisation has allowed nations to conduct business with allies, former enemies, and potential rivals. New relationships between citizens and governments that highlight cost reductions, profits, and long range business activities can impact national security measures in a host of ways. Current economic conditions also have a large impact on military operations. Inflation contributes to reduced purchasing power by a government. This includes activities from purchasing fuel, paying for contracted work, demands for greater pay for military and civilian workers, and other acquisition activities  [22]  . Similarly, a recession-a sustained downturn in economic activities-reduces tax revenues and encourages moves by politicians to stimulate the economy or support the unemployed or struggling citizens. These policies can significantly reduce the amount of defence spending for a nation. However, some of these conditions might provide relief to the government. Unemployment may ease recruitment and retention problems in the military. Increased competition for fewer government contracts might reduce the cost of operations. Tools to fight economic problems may also create unforeseen issues. A central bank could raise or lower interest rates. These actions can affect the ava ilability of investors to purchase government debt and the cost of borrowing for contractors to build the latest fighter aircraft. OTHER ECONOMIC SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS Expanding trade can provide several benefits to nations. It can create better efficiencies in production by seeking the lowest cost, most effective producers. This situation could lead to greater economic growth and improved standards of living around the world. However, not all nations find an economic niche that allows economic growth. Cheaper outsourced services and imported goods may destroy domestic industries. Large numbers of unemployed workers could create domestic problems for a government. Further, reliance on foreign imports could impoverish the state and complicate its financial and credit situation. If nations rely on foreign goods, then any problem that hinders trade could cause issues globally. A natural disaster, potential conflict, trade dispute, or other problem could restrict the flow of needed products. ECONOMICS AND FUTURE NATIONAL SECURITY ISSUES In the future, security conflict among nations may change from predominately military contests to ones primarily featuring other elements of national power. That option is also open to non-state a

Brave New World Essay -- essays research papers

Brave New World There is a great deal of evidence that supports the idea that we, in the twenty first century, are headed toward the society described by Huxley in Brave New World. Such things as advances in technology, government yearning for complete control, and an uncontrollable world population are many of the reasons Huxley’s world might become our own. Scientific advancements in technology are made everyday. The Bokanovsky Process is one of these advancements that could possibly be made. It is not impossible to create 96 embryos from one egg. This is based on the premise of cloning. In Huxley’s world, cloning is a reality, as it is today. Many advances in the cloning system are being made everyday and "mass production" of people is not an impossibility in the near future...

Race, Class, and Gender in the United States Essay

Rothenberg paints an oppressive picture for women, the financially oppressed and minority members of society. The author presents compelling essays of race, gender and class which examine the social construct of each issue. Race has been defined as the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race. This has produced the view that Euro-Americans’ social, cultural, and economic advantaged position must be maintained at the expense of others as the normal life. The influential power of race, gender and class are explained and illustrated through the collection of essays. The dynamics of power are divided based on different social classifications. Concrete Responses The essays included present a compelling but biased study within the context of class, race and gender. History shows racism has been clearly practiced in the past; however much has been done to correct the unbridgeable and immutable differences in race, gender and class status in the United States. Rothenberg emphasizes, in the collection of essays, past views of Euro-Americans’ superiority in intelligence and abilities over darker skinned races. Throughout the history of the United States, discrimination against race and gender has been documented thus creating various classes according to race and gender. Racism has been defined as â€Å"a belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race† (Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, 2010). While discrimination is described as being â€Å"the process by which two stimuli differing in some aspect are responded to differently† (Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, 2010). Discrimination encompasses a much larger circumference than racism. People v. Hall, 1854, Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857, and Bradwell v. Illinois, 1873 created a class difference in the ruling of each case between Euro-American males, Indians, Negroes, Chinese and women (Rothenberg, 2010, p. 495). Skin color differences have been thought to explain intellectual, physical and artistic differences, thus justifying varying treatment between racially different individuals (Rothenberg, 2010, p. 17). A person of property was considered of superior intelligence and character (Rothenberg, 2010, p. 8). The claim that race is a social construction takes issue with the once popular belief that people were born into different races with innate, biologically based differences in intellect, temperament, and character (Rothenberg, 2010, p. 10). Michael Omi and Howard Winant maintain that â€Å"Race is more a political categorization that a biological or scientific category† (Rothenberg, 2010, p. 10). Racial distinctions can be correlated with economic and political changes in the society of the United States. In California, 1854, the state Supreme Court ruled in the case, People v. Hall that Chinese Americans should be barred from testifying against whites as Indians and Negroes had previously been barred with a California statue. The judges â€Å"marked [Chinese-Americans] as inferior, and †¦ are incapable of progress or intellectual development beyond a certain point† (Rothenberg, 2010, p. 495). Orientals and Hispanics were regarded to be naturally suited to perform brutal, sometimes crippling, farm labor which whites were physically unsuited to perform. In 1857, the United States Supreme Court ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford stated that â€Å"Negroes were never considered a part of the people of the United States (Rothenberg, 2010, 495). Gender refers to the particular set of socially constructed meanings associated with each sex (Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, 2010). Men and women have been portrayed as polar opposites with different abilities. The notion of difference itself is constructed and suggests that the claim that women and men are naturally and profoundly different reflects a political and social decision rather than a distinction given in nature. In 1873, the Supreme Court ruled in Bradwell v. Illinois that women could not practice law and added further degradation arguing â€Å"that women belong in the â€Å"domestic sphere†Ã¢â‚¬  (Rothenberg, 2010, 495). Every society has different options on what constitutes a woman’s gender role verses a man’s role. While Roe v. Wade, 1973, is considered a significant stride forward in women’s rights, the after effects of the abortion rights given have for open debate on the benefits this case has brought to the women’s movement. Spiritually, man and wife should be as one flesh (Genesis 2:24) and a helpmate to each other (Genesis 2:18), not in competition with each other for power. In the past, attitudes against races and gender other than Euro-American males have restricted the right to vote, own property, and even extended to the forced evacuation of Japanese-Americans into relocation camps. Clearly, discrimination has existed in this country; however, â€Å"the twentieth century has seen the growth of large and diverse movements for race and gender justice† (Rothenberg, 2010, p. 497). However, Rothenberg’s emphasis on race and gender portray differences as unbridgeable and immutable, regardless of any social programs or education. Reflection Rothenberg’s collection of essays is informative of historical discrimination and the opinions of a number of authors; however, there are two sides to every story. Rothenberg has presented only one side of the race, class, and gender issues in an angry fashion. All evil has not been created by Euro-Americans. Pem Davidson Buck states that northern Whites looked down their noses at the Irish in the same manner they looked at free Blacks (Rothenberg, 2010, p. 35). This created a â€Å"psychological wage† (Buck as quoted by Rothenberg, 2010, p. 35), instead of monetary gain, such as the employee of the month or assigned parking places (Rothenberg, 2010, p. 35). Calvinism taught being poor was a punishment from God while success was a sign of being righteous with God. This further created differences in class among the American society, including discrimination of women, people of color, and homophobia. Differences between rich and poor, white and black, men and women are socially constructed as innate differences among people. Then they are used to rationalize or justify the unequal distribution of wealth and power that results from economic decisions made to perpetuate privilege. The status of various occupations and class positions they imply often changes depending on whether the occupation is predominately female or male. This particular discrimination also led to more domestication of women. Status began to be calculated if a woman could â€Å"stay home† (Rothenberg, 2010, p. 36). If a woman was forced into the labor force, the family didn’t meet the cultural requirements for white privilege (Rothenberg, 2010, p. 36). The categories of gender, race and class reflect culturally constructed differences that maintain the prevailing distribution of power and privilege in a society. Constructed differences are altered in relation to social, political and economic changes. The argument seems to fluxuate between racism and culturism. If cultural status is lost due to a woman working, that has very little to do with to which race she belongs. As stated in Buck’s essay (Rothenberg, 2010, p. 36), native men redefined themselves by† their class position as skilled mechanics working for better wages under better conditions† (p. 36) due to the ownership of their trade tools and their hard work ethic (Rothenberg, 2010, p. 36). Again this is cultural rather than racial. Any craftsmen, no matter what color his skin, can buy the tools of his trade to better his position. Rothenberg tends to be angry at this country’s struggles against racism, class and gender. She has collected many angry essays to support her racial and feminist opinions but has not shown more than a minimal reference to how far this country has progressed for all races and genders to be â€Å"We the People of the United States† (U. S. Constitution, 1776) forming a more perfect Union under God. Action This book has given me much food for thought. During the reading of this book, I have been more consciously aware of the different races and cultures in my workplace. While I don’t agree with Rothenberg’s apparent view that racial and gender discrimination continues in our society today as it has throughout our country’s history, I do see a tendency towards a reverse discrimination. Since my husband joined corporate America almost two years ago, I’ve watched him miss promotions, even though he is very productive and conscientious in his work, so that a minority, usually a woman, could have the position, even though her employee record is full of criticism of her work ethic. White males continue to be punished today for the actions and attitudes of their forefathers even though most do not hold those same discriminatory beliefs. While I am not unconscious of race, I do not identify an individual as part of a particular race in my first impression or description of them. As I have illustrated with my students, no two people whether light or dark skinned are the same color. The biggest wish I have for my students is for them to be able to unzip their skin so that color is not visible to each other at all. As future medical assistants, surgical technicians, pharmacy technicians and nursing assistants, these students need to see past race, gender and even class. As a teacher, I strive not to make decisions based on race or gender. Class is not an issue for me in the class room since all students dress in scrubs according to school dress code. Lao Tzu said, â€Å"Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day. Teach him how to fish and you feed him for a lifetime†(n. d. ). I am a firm believer that regardless of race, gender or class that our country was founded to give everyone an equal opportunity to pursue life, liberty and happiness with hard work and education. If I can give my students a sense of work ethic along with the academic and technical skills they need, I will have given them the tools to succeed financially and in their chosen professions. References Discrimination. (2010). In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved August 13, 2010, from http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/discrimination gender. (2010). In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved August 13, 2010, from http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/gender Lao Tzu. (n. d. ). BrainyQuote. com. Retrieved August 13, 2010, from BrainyQuote. com Web site: http://www. brainyquote. com/quotes/quotes/l/laotzu121559. html Mount, Steve. (2001)†The Constitution of the United States,† Preamble. USConstitution. net. U. S. Constitution online. Retrieved August 12, 2010 from http://www. usconstitution. net/const. html racism. (2010). In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved August 8, 2010, from http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/racism Rothenberg, P. (2010), Race, Class, and Gender in the United States. New York: Worth Publishers.

Brand Philosophy Essay

The brand NEWE was created and nowadays follows the aim to show women’s beauty and sharm. Main goal of the brand is to make all possible efforts to find a solution of women skin troubles. Another strategy of the company is to make female skin more shiny, bright and beautiful. Mission The new formulation and one of high-priority goals of the company is to deactivate skin energy and make it looks full of life and shine through new innovations technologies developing. NEWE is making everything possible to product advanced cosmetics using delicate CGMP construction process. This process not only provides skin with natural ingredients but also based on only natural ingredients taken from clean environment. Science from nature NEWE is trying to bring skin technologies closer to life science and step by step taking the direction to ideal skin. Based on human efforts, natural ingredients and innovative technologies NEWE is heading to beautiful future. With outstanding progressive ideas and innovative strategies NEWE provides the skin’s beauty all women dream about. 6. NEWE’s procedures and effects Lightening Snow whitening (basic) Whitening (BB) Ultraviolet rays block Time lock (BB) Time lock (Basic) Golden label deluxe Gold therapy Wrinkles removal & anti-wrinkles therapy 7. NEWE’s procedures description & special features Name of the procedure | Skin type| Product formation | Skin problems available for care | Functions| The special features of the procedure | Gold label deluxe| All skin types| Toner, emulsion,essense,cream| Lack of elasticity,fine wrinkles, laugh lines| Wrinkle therapy| 1. Contains of 99% pure gold 2. Moisture& anti-ageing effects 3. Soft texture, high consistence of nutritions| Snow white| Oily ,combine skin| Serum, cream, spa-solution, BB cream| Lack of moisture, freckles, blemish, dark skin| Lightening, BB (2 phases)| 1. effect of 7 red moisture & whitening effect 2. Light texture, easy using 3. Purslane, white birch active extracts therapy | Time lock| Dry skin| Serum, cream, eye cream, BB cream| Lack of elasticity,fine wrinkles, laugh lines, deep wrinkles, skin troubles | Wrinkle therapy, BB (3 phases)| 1. Contains of pea ’s protein (stem cell culture medium) 2. Contains of bean’s fermentation extracts 3. Texture full of nutritions, moist using| Gold therapy | All skin types| Serum, cream| Dark skin, lack of elasticity, fading skin| Wrinkle therapy & lightening (double effect)| 1. Contain 99% gold components2. contains of caviar extracts 3. providing a moisture from chell | 8. Skin care & solutions for different age groups Age group 25-30 1. After the age 25, skin begins to decline energy and ageing process slowly starts (especially in the case of marriage, pregnancy and birth of children life style on the whole changes a lot, what influences on skin condition). 2. Fine wrinkles, laugh lines appear. 3. A tendency of decrease skin energy and elasticity. 4. Skin becomes tighter, and wrinkles near mouth zone become more visible. 5. Although consistence of oil/moist in skin almost the same with 20-25 age group, it’s a time when skin can change its type unexpectedly. Problem & skin care Problem: 1. Although there’s no big difference with 20-25 skin condition, due to cases of pregnancy & birth of children a state of skin begins to change. Care: 1. Choosing cosmetics which suits the skin type, protecting skin and keep the necessary moisture balance. 2. Paying attention on protection skin from ultraviolet rays and other outside impulses. 3. Taking care of skin using lightening cosmetics in case of fine wrinkles, laugh lines appearance. 4. Amount of serum secretion at eye, mouth, cheek zone begins to decrease, so face expression wrinkles should be taken care especially. ADVICE NEWE SNOW WHITE LINE! 9. Skin care& solutions for different age groups Age group 30 Skin condition 1. The state when stability of the skin is fold most. 2. In comparison with 20-s ageing process visible more, but due to continuous hormone secretion and stable life style most balanced skin condition 3. Decrease of skin elasticity, skin becomes pigmented easily, fine wrinkles, laugh lines appear. 4. Metabolism and all skin reactions become slower; as a result sebum secretion declines also. 5. Skin looses shine and gloss, becomes coarser, the moisture level decrease. Problem & skin care Problem: 1. Skin becomes dryer, and oily skin troubles decrease. 2. Increase of fine wrinkles, laugh lines and other troubles connected with ageing process (time, when people pay more attention on ageing process). Care: 1. 0 age is the time when metabolism retards, so to expedite circulation of the blood everyday massage and packs (should be used 1-2 times a week) are necessary measures. These procedures activate an energy stream in the skin, making it vitalized. 2. The people, who feel their skin more tight and dry than before, should include essence using in their everyday life and keep the moisture level balanced all the time. 3. To prevent skin vaporization nutrition cream should be used conti nuously both with eye cream against eye wrinkles& laugh lines. ADVICE NEWE TIME LOCK LINE NEWE GOLDEN THERAPY LINE 10. Skin care& solutions for different age groups Age group 40-50 Skin condition 1. Ageing process becomes more and more visible and fast, wrinkles appear not only at eye-mouth zone but at other parts of face 2. Time when skin becomes dry and the dryness is visible also. 3. Skin blemish swells, skin looks tight and coarse. Problem & skin care Problem: 1. Ageing of the skin becomes clearly visible, sebaceous glands’ function becomes worse, dermis structure and connections go off, skin elasticity decreases rapidly. Care: 1. Paying a lot of attention on prevention of skin dryness & and the loss made by ageing process, choice of high-nutrition cosmetics. 2. Use of preventing ageing process products, providing special care except of the used every day. 3. Use of packs bringing new energy to the skin; regular massage. 4. Use of plowshare cream and anti-wrinkle cream together. ADVICE! NEWE GOLDEN LABEL DELUXE LINE NEWE TIME LOCK LINE 11. Golden Label – anti-ageing Providing skin with 99% gold – happiness for skin! Providing of 99% gold peptide Adenosine – tested by Korea Food & Drug Administration Anti-wrinkle components & ingredients 12. Golden Label – anti-ageing Pure Gold 99 % * Pure gold used since Middle Age Era to prevent ageing-processes, it congenial with the body, there is no corrosion, doesn’t cause allergy; it’s expedite cell revival effects and famous all over the world by detoxification the poison, a wispy beard, sterilization and lightening effects. * Adenosine- the effect of wrinkle-removal tested and proved by Korea Food ;amp; Drug Administration. Due to ingredients effective both at preventing wrinkle and their removing at the same time. * Peptide – gets fast absorbed by skin fast; due to outstanding anti-wrinkles effect fully moisturize dry ;amp; dark skin, providing it with necessary nutritions. 13. Golden Label – anti-ageing NEWE GOLDEN LABEL DELUXE TONER 150 ml From the very moment of touching the skin, toner provides it with gold extracts and leaves the feeling of moisture due to synergy of nutritions and collagen. Toner keeps skin elastic, clean and full of energy, preventing wrinkles at the same time. NEWE GOLDEN LABEL DELUXE EMULSION 150 ml Due to the synergy of ingredients (gold, peptide and collagen mixed in optimum proportions) mild emulsion keeps skin clean, elastic and fresh. NEWE GOLD LABEL DELUXE ESSENSE 150 ml Luxurious enrich essence consists of 99% gold extract and collagen remove all skin and turn it back to the young age times. NEWE GOLD LABEL DELUXE CREAM 50 g Luxurious cream deeply provides skin with necessary nutritions, bringing loose skin to life, and return dry skin into energetic, full of elasticity one. 14. Snow White _ whitening Due to the complex of arbutin and 7 – red extracts makes skin bright and shiny immaculately. Arbutin – lightening component, effect was tested by Korea Food ;amp; Drug Administration. Moisturizing factor – sap of a white birch, puslane extract * 7-RedConcentrate – tomato, rose, camellia seeds, rubus coreanus fruit, rooibos, safflower seeds, peach – complex of 7-red ingredients. 15. Snow White _ whitening Arbutin – the ingredient was tested and proved by Korea Food ;amp; Drug Administration. Due to comprised whitening components lightens pigmented skin and makes it clean immaculately. -Red components – comprising effects of 7 red plants ingredients, this complex prevent skin from oxidation, control moisture balance and brings skin to the best condition, making it healthy and bright. Sap of a white birch, puslane extract – protects skin from outside irritations, provides necessary moisture and makes skin bright, resilient and smoo th. 16. Snow White _ 7-Red Complex 1. Rooibos – lightening effect, skin troubles prevention effect Anti-oxidation effect, powerful skin protector 2. camellia seeds – makes skin soft and smooth, protects from anti-oxidants; Makes crumbly and flaky skin healthy . rose flower – powerful effect of skin regeneration, brings fresh feeling Heals skin itching, inflammation, recovery effects 4. Oil of safflower seeds – outstanding plowshare; source of vitamin E 5. rubus coreanus fruit – powerful effect of skin regeneration, brings fresh feeling; Heals skin itching, inflammation, recovery effects 6. Tomato – Anti-oxidation effect; acne sterilization effect 7. Peach – prevention of skin dryness; brings the immunity to damaged skin; activate blood circulation and improve cell structure of skin 17. Snow White _ whitening NEWE SNOW WHITE SERUM 40 ml Serum permeates into the skin fast and deep, providing lightening effect. Enrich luxurious serum makes skin clean and bright. NEWE SNOW WHITE SPOT SOLUTION 20 ml Snow white spot solution is a product created for using at parts of skin with especially intensified pigmentation; controls the amount of melanin bringing pureness and shine to skin. NEWE SNOW WHITE CREAM 50 g Cream consists of whitening ingredients, richly provides skin with nutritions and moisture. NEWE SNOW WHITE BB CREAM LIGHTENING, SPF 40 PA++ 2 PHASE COSMETICS 40 ml Due to high level of outside factors protection 2 – phase effect cream blocks ultraviolet rays 2 times more effective, prevent skin damage and keeps the tone of skin smooth and natural all day long. 18. Time Lock _ anti-ageing â€Å"Adenosine complex and proteins of pea – solution, bringing liveliness and juvenility to skin† Adenosine – wrinkles removal effect proved by Korea Food ;amp; Drug Administration. Moisturizing Factor – bean’s fermentation ingredients; sodium hyaluronate. HYDROLYZED PEA PROTEIN – pea’s proteins 19. Time Lock _ anti-ageing Adenosine Wrinkle removal effect proved by Korea Food ;amp; Drug Administration. Adenosine removes all kinds of wrinkles (from fine wrinkles, laugh lines till deep wrinkles) and brings energy and elasticity to fading skin, rejuvenating it. Pea’s proteins The proteins are segregated from pea and then after refining process and enzymatic treatment liposome initiate a reaction on peptides of small molecular size what improves stem cell activity. Vitamin Sodium hyaluronate Protects skin and keeps it smooth and healthy; Keeps skin moisturized all day; controls the moisture level richly. 20. NEWE TIME LOCK SERUM 40 ml Fast absorbing serum, which deeply fills skin with elasticity, removes different types of wrinkles and makes skin resilient and fresh. NEWE TIME LOCK CREAM 50 g Cream consist of enrich various nutritions which get absorbed by skin fast and prevent dryness. Product also protects skin from outside damages and makes it look healthy and calm. NEWE TIME LOCK CREAM 20 ml Protects sensitive skin near eye zone gently, provides it with moist and nutritions, prevents eye wrinkles and makes skin at eye zone look resilient. NEWE TIME LOCK PREMIUM BB CREAM SPF 40PA++, WRINKLES, LIGHTENING 3 PHASE EFFECT 40 ml Due to high level of ultraviolet protection SPF 40 PA++, lightening effect and wrinkles remove effect 3 phase effect BB cream regenerates damaged skin, keeps skin moisture, healthy and beautiful for a long time. 21. Gold Therapy _whitening ;amp; anti-ageing ‘’ 99% pure gold, EGF, caviar, peptides –skin becomes a masterpiece† Gold therapy Gold – 99. 9% pure gold Arbutin Adenosine – adenosine, anti-wrinkles components, arbutin; lightening effect proved by Korea Food ;amp; Drug Administration. Caviar – caviar extract 22. Pure gold component Gold is known around the world as an absolutely harmful component makes skin bright and fresh. It removes endotoxins and skin waste products, prevents different skin troubles and rejuvenates skin deeply. Caviar Caviar is well-known as one of the top 3 world delicacies. Its extract richly brings nutritions to skin, provides it with elasticity and keeps soft and beautiful. Arbutin Adenosine Lightening effect proved by Korea Food ;amp; Drug Administration. As anti-wrinkles components Arbutin and Adenosine relieve skin pigmentation, makes skin clean and smooth, remove all types of wrinkles and provides skin with energy and elasticity. 23. Gold Therapy _ whitening ;amp; anti-ageing NEWE GOLD THERAPY SERUM 40 ml Comprising components of gold gel-type serum gets absorbed quickly even by deep parts of derma, has a lightening effect and makes skin more shiny and bright. NEWE GOLD THERAPY CREAM 50 g 2 phase fast absorbed anti-wrinkles cream, which provides skin with nutritions and moist, making it smooth, soft and beautiful.

The Origins of the Boxer Uprising essays

The Origins of the Boxer Uprising essays The Origins of the Boxer Uprising was published in 1987 by University of California Press. Since the 1960s, the Qing archives in both Beijing and Taiwan have been opened to scholars. Additional sources such as Jiao-wu jiao-an dang (Archives on Missionary Cases) and documents from Shandong have been made public. The author, Joseph W. Esherick, was intent on using the new resources available to disprove previous notions about the Boxer Uprising. Esherick stated in the preface of the book that he intended on disproving the ideas of Victor Purcell. Purcells The Boxer Uprising: A Background Study, published in 1963, was the last serious treatment on the subject of the origins of the Boxers until Eshericks time. The major problem in Purcells book was that Purcell believed there to be an alleged Boxer shift from an anti-dynastic to a pro-dynastic stance. (pg xvi) Esherick sought to prove that from the very beginning the Boxers were a loyalist movement, and there never was an anti-dynastic phase. The authors sources came from both parts of the world, places such as Shandong University, the First Historical Archives in Beijing, the Palace Museum in Taiwan, the East Asian Library of the Hoover Institution, the Stanford University Library, the University of California Library, Harvard University Library and others. Esherick also included oral history told by the people of Shandong and other focal points of Boxer activities. A key factor for some of the sources is that they werent available to the scholars until that time. Esherick restate that fact repeatedly throughout the book. The book began with detail background of the cults that eventually spawned the Boxers themselves. Afterwards, Esherick started a narrative of an overview of economic and political conditions in Shandong between 1898 and 1899. There is also a description of the hist ...

Explore why an understanding of politics is an essential element in fully understanding a specific aspect of contemporary leisure The WritePass Journal

Explore why an understanding of politics is an essential element in fully understanding a specific aspect of contemporary leisure Explore why an understanding of politics is an essential element in fully understanding a specific aspect of contemporary leisure IntroductionReferencesRelated Introduction Surveillance and the politics of technological advances.‘Justice’. ‘Equality’. ‘Freedom’. These three words are largely associated with politics and can be dated back to the 14th centenary ancient Greece with philosophers such as Aristolote, where the concept of politics and social policies began. Political concepts and movements such as liberalism, feminism, socialism, Marxism and nationalism all fall underneath an umbrella term for political ideology. (Leach R, 2002) Political ideology is a construction of ideas that relates to power, economy and discourse which is classified by the political spectrum and create a discourse. These ideologies and discourses shape social norm’s that directly affect economic, social and cultural developments (Adams I, 2001) thus directly affecting each individual in different ways; one example would be ones leisure lifestyle. Leisure in Britain is principally a creation of modernisation and growth of capit al political systems. The Late 19th Centaury and the onset of the industrial revolution saw the occurrence of leisure in society, and in a modern economy is at most is the largest financial budgets of local authorities, and similarly 1997 saw the onset of the Department of Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS). (Roberts K, 2006) The definitions of leisure can evoke many different meanings which creates a paradigm of theories, however as Parker, 1981 suggested the nature of contemporary leisure is associated with freedom, free choice, free time, flexibility and self determination; these qualities thus make it independent from ‘work’ ethics (Rojek C, 2006) however do these qualities make leisure independent from politics, or is an understanding of politics crucial for engaging in leisure pursuits and do current discourse and policies affect our participation in leisure? Surveillance is a broad concept that can induce numerous meanings. Modern technologies mean that local communities and interpersonal interactions have led to a more diverse global community that can interact endlessly without even being on the same continent.   (Haggerty, KD Samatas, M, 2010) Therefore individuals whose leisure time consumes much of the net or tele-communications and lives in the UK could be being surveyed by the US government or my Gaddafi’s security force. The shift of leisure in the UK has turned from folk culture and mass culture to sub cultures and high culture, these shifts highlight modern technologies and the 20th centauries drive to consume. We now consume leisure time due to the inventions of modern technologies, of which modern interactions begin. (FIND REF) An ever growing modern twist in culture is the prevalence of Social networking sites such as Facebook, which since 2009 has over 250 million users that are regularly using the site. (Zuckerbe rg, M, 2009). The modern angle of Facebook ‘’embodies the big brother spirit of our generation †¦ [people] are okay with everyone knowing our personal affairs via Facebook, yet we highly protest (and rightfully so) the ever-increasing surveillance that has been imposed on our society post-September 11th.’’ (Kuerschner, J, 2006, pg165) Facebook is a ‘’virtual community that has grown tremendously in popularity †¦ [members begin by] creating a profile, then make connections to existing friends as well as those they meet though the site. A profile is a list of identifying information. It can include your real name, or a pseudonym. It also can include photographs, birthday, hometown, religion, ethnicity, [political views] and personal interest†¦Members uses the site for a number of purposes. The root motivation is communication and maintaining relationships.’’ (Dwyer C et al 2007 pg1) Profiles therefore uploaded onto Facebook are very personal; however there is a lack of concern about privacy. Facebook’s Privacy Policy shows evident that it fully complies with the TRUSTe’s Privacy Seal and the EU Safe Harbor Framework, making with legally compatible as a company, however, the privacy policy states that all applications and games are governed by third party businesses that have accessed to users information who use this application as well as the users friend list. On top of this Facebook had countless amounts of advertising partners and websites that also advertise through Facebook, therefore if a user responds to an advertising campaign then the data sharing is tracked to analyse how effective the advert has been, thus again third parties can gain access to personal information relatively easily.(Facebook, 2010) Access from third parties illustrates the Big Brother framework that is evident in modern society. TRUSTe’s Privacy Seal and the EU Safe Harbor Framework ensure that Facebook compels to abide by the Data Protection Act 1998. The Data Protection Act 1998 ensures the regulation of information processing rights given to individuals whose data had been obtained, held, used or discussed. (Legislation.Gov 2011)   The Data Protection Act contains 8 key principals; 1. Processed fairly and lawfully. 2. Obtained for specified and lawful purposes. 3. Adequate, relevant and not excessive. 4. Accurate and up to date. 5. Not kept any longer than necessary. 6. Processed in accordance with the data subjects rights. 7. That there are the proper technical and organisational procedures in place to protect the data against unlawful and unauthorised processing and accidental loss or damage 8. Not transferred to any other country outside the European Economic Area (EEA) without adequate protection in place. (DCMS, 2007) Facebook have legal obligations to comply with all the above principals, however, as Social networking sites were not around when the Data Protection Act 1998 was created and amended and some issues have been raised over the data protection rights of site users. Under the Data Protection Act the ‘data’ subject’ (that is the Facebook user) can ask the ‘data collected,’ (in this case that is Facebook), to remove or correct any information or data they are holding on that individual, as well as to prevent the data being used by third party applications. (Solicitors Regulation Authority, 2008) However a Marxist approach would suggest the economic foundation of Facebook and the financial success lies within the capital provided by the third party application which buys profile information to analyse consumer behaviour. However, a major row over the data protection rights of users was discovered by Channel 4’s Watchdog. The Programme reported an inci dent where a user wanted to deactivate their account, yet, Facebook still withheld personal information. On contacting Facebook, they said, ‘’ We give users the notice that the UK Data Protection Act requires in order to inform them about what information is collected. We also give users granular control over what information they share and who they share it with. However, the sites privacy policy states that to delete all data, would mean having to physically delete everything you have ever uploaded onto the site, as well as anything that other users have uploaded onto the site.   However, for a regular user, this would prove to be almost impossible. (King B, 2007) Even in 2011, with the Data Protection scandals ‘’If you deactivate your account†¦ your profile and all information associated with it are immediately made inaccessible to other Facebook users. What this means is that you effectively disappear from the Facebook service. However, we do sav e your profile information (friends, photos, interests, etc)’’ (Facebook, 2011a) Therefore although your account may seem to be deleted Facebook still encloses personal information and data, consequently understanding contemporary leisure in relation to politics is vital, as Facebook could contain personal data unless the users understand the Data Protection Act as well as their own personal Rights as a user. The Big Brother effect, mirrors discourses such as the ‘panopticon’ way of understanding of surveillance. Panopticon illustrates the hierarchical power distribution between who controls society and who is being controlled. Modern surveillances and conspiracy theories concerned with social networking all reflect a dystopian view that mirrors protection and privacy rights.   (Albrechtslund A, 2008) The modern shifts in technologies and the uprising number of people using social networking sites have meant that constant monitoring as a panoptic effect has become a part of every day life and the idea of the Orwellian society present in liberal societies. The idea of the Orwellian society through a panoptic lens shows how society is beginning to change from a disciplined society to one of control, organization and containment. The Panopticon surrounding social networking sites and privacy is concerned with the employment of information gathering of individuals in relation t o power and control. The ‘objective’ of the panopticon is to limit ‘unsociable’ behaviour, and as a result monitors, ranks and categorizes behaviours. A panopticon society in these terms is closely related to distribution of power linked in to creating a more orderly society. However, the enhancements made upon consumer profiling generated by third party advertising surrounding Facebook generates a power distribution that effectively controls consumer markets that is distributed through orders of power, thus the surveillance in relation to the internet is a innermost element of a capitalist society. (Campbell J Carlson M, 2002) Modern shifts in surveillance, especially, post September 11th, posted a contemporary shift from Panopticon to ‘Ban-Opticon’, Bigo suggested that a ‘Ban-opticon’ society refers to a constant state of emergency and originates from the International relations and suggestions of a ‘global in-securityâ₠¬â„¢ that leads to increased global surveillance to avoid future mass terror and destruction. (Bigo D 2006) Although hierarchies of power create a structured and postmodern view upon surveillance, social networking does induce forms of lateral peer-to-peer systems of surveillance. In terms of lateral peer-to-peer surveillance that forms through social networking privacy concerns are almost magnifies due to awareness the constant surveillance of significant others and colleagues. (Andrejevic M 2005) The awareness of being constantly surveyed will therefore bring around a false profile in term of how people present themselves and self-surveillance will come into effect. Self surveillance and not being able to present yourself as your own right thus again reiterates the Orwellian society. Power is a primary process in all societies; powered domination forms unified asymmetric power relationship between the dominant powered group or individuals and dominated groups or individuals. Facebook is a colossal field upon which power, counter-power and power struggles is exhibited. Facebook accumulates millions of personal data which manufactures economic capital and power. Facebook users however can not directly influence managerial decisions or policies, thus creating asymmetric power relationship. (Fuchs C, 2011) In terms of power relations users within the UK contain a sense of power through their own knowledge of The Human Rights Act 1998. The Human rights Act of 1998, give everyone the right to their personal privacy and family life along with his correspondences. The Act says there shall be no surveillance or interferences of personal privacy except for circumstances where the law may be being exempted, public safety is being breeched or for the privacy protection and f reedom of others. (BBC, 2000) An example through users exercising their Human Rights of Privacy shows methods where the users have tried to counter-power decisions by suing a method called cyber-protest. Changes to Facebook issued in 2009 began huge protest amongst Facebook users, who referred to the changes in privacy as a ‘’Stalker track down feature’’ (Facebook, 2011b) In 2009 Facebook officials made a controversial decision to retain all information about a user, even if there account was deactivated, however Facebook and privacy protesters counter-powered this decision into making Zuckerberg (the creator of Facebook) to withdraw the changes of the legal policy and privacy settings as a consequence Facebook deleted all online remaining evidence of deactivated accounts.   However, if you do require all data to be deleted, this has to be achieved individually, on a separate basis, to confirm the request, however many users do not know about this as the y do not read the sites privacy policy. Cyber protest’s over tele-communication infrastructure such as Facebook creates a social movement that generates media attention. Facebook in particular creates a level playing field of freedom of speech that ‘’globalized and decentralizes’’ (pg276) issues that fabricate, replicate and distributes knowledge and resistance to produce a mass socio-political movements. (Fuchs C, 2006) Therefore being a cog into the way political ideologies and polices are created and amended. Surveillance and privacy in terms of Social Networking sites like Facebook creates a paradigm of power relations ranging from cyber protest to containment of data. The value surrounding privacy rights of personal information is difficult as in the eyes of the law it is difficult to establish data as property, as a consequence it’s hard to define unlawful processing of personal information. Sites like Facebook have gained economic and capital power due to containment of the ‘ownership’ of users personal information. (Bennet C Raas C 2007) Concepts of peer-to-peer and participatory surveillance that creates self-surveillance again form an in-depth value or what Privacy and Surveillance relates, The Orwellian suggests that the idea of self-surveillance through propaganda creating a dystopian society controlled through a modern surveillance government. Around 20% of employers use Facebook as a tool or ensure employees are of the correct social category, they are poli tically correct and give the company a positive image. (Havenstein, H 2008). References Albrechtslund, A. (2008). Online Social Networking as Participatory Surveillance. Peer-Reviewed Journal on the Internet . 13 (3), http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2142 Andrejevic M, 2005. â€Å"The work of watching one another: Lateral surveillance, risk, and governance,† Surveillance Society, volume 2, number 4, pp. 479–497, and at surveillance-and-society.org/articles2(4)/lateral.pdf, accessed 10/04/2011 Adams, I. (2001) Political Ideology Today, University Press: Manchester BBC (2000) ‘Human Rights Act 1998: What the Articles Say’ BBC News [online] http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/946400.stn#top Bennett, C Raas, C (2007) The Privacy Paradigm ‘The Surveillance Studies Reader 22 pgs338-353 Bigo, D. (2006). Security, Exception, Ban and Surveillance . In: Lyon, D Theorizing Surveillance; The Panopticon and Beyond . Devon: Willan Campbell J Carlson M. (2002). Panopticon.com: Online Surveillance and the Commodifaction of Privacy. Journal of broadcasting Electronic Media. 46 (4), 586-606. DCMS (2007)   Data Protection Act 1998 what it means to you DCMS [Online] culture.gov.uk/images/freedom_of_information/106698_dataprotection.pdf pg1 [accessed 2/05/2011] Dwyer C, Hiltz S Passerini K. (2007). Trust and Privacy Concern within Social Networking Sites: A Comparison of Facebook and MySpace. Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS) 2007 Proceedings. 1-12pg. Facebook . (December 2010). Facebook’s Privacy Policy. Available: facebook.com/policy.php. Last accessed 31/03/2011 Facebook (2011a) ‘Frequently Asked Questions – I want to permanently delete my account.’ Facebook [online] facebook.com/help/faq/ [accessed 3/05/2011] Facebook. (2011b). Facebook users protest AGAINST the new STALKER TRACKDOWN FEATURE. Available: facebook.com/group.php?gid=353942026657. Last accessed 17/04/2011 Fuchs, C. (2006). The self-organization of cyberprotest. In ‘The internet society’ 2006. Ashurst: WIT Press. Fuchs, C (2011). Foundations of Critical Media and Information Studies. Oxon: Routledge. Haggerty KD Samatas M. (2010). Introduction: Surveillance and Democracy: An unsettled Relationship. In: Haggerty KD Samatas M Surveillance and Democracy. Oxon: Routledge. 1-17 Havenstein, H (2008). One in Five Employers Use Social Networks In Hiring Process’ Computer World [online] computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasicarticleId=9114560. [accessed 3/05/2011] King, B (2007) Facebook data protection row, The social networking site faces an investigation from UK privacy watchdog after a complaint from a Channel 4 News viewer. Channel 4 News [online] channel4.com/news/articles/science_technology/facebook%20data%20protection%20row/1060467.html [accesed 29/04/2011] Kuerschuner, J (2006) Big Brother is on the Facebook. Mercher Street [online] nyu.edu/cas/ewp/kuerschnerbig06.pdf [accessed 31/03/2011] Leach, R (2002) Political Ideology in Britain ‘in’ Contemporary Political Studies ‘eds’ Benyon, J. Palgrave: New York Legislation.Gov (2011) The Data Protection Act 1998 Legislation.Gov [Online] Legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/29/contents [accessed 1/05/2011] Roberts, K (2006) Leisure in Contemporary Society, CABI: Oxford Rojek, C. (2006) Leisure and Consumption: Journal of the Canadian Association for Leisure Studies 30(2) pp.475-487 Solicitors Regulation Authority (2008) ‘Facebook – Privacy and Data Collection’ Teacher Stern Solicitors [online] http://teacherstern.com/documents/Facebook.pdf [Accessed 30/4/2011] Zuckerberg, M . (2009). The Facebook Blog: Now Connecting 250 Million People. [Online: Facebook] Available: facebook.com/blog.php?post=106860717130. [Last accessed 31/03/2011]

Major General Samuel Crawford in the American Civil War

Major General Samuel Crawford in the American Civil War Samuel Crawford - Early Life Career: Samuel Wylie Crawford was born November 8, 1827, at his familys home, Allandale, in Franklin County, PA.   Receiving his early education locally, he entered the University of Pennsylvania at age fourteen.   Graduating in 1846, Crawford desired to remain at the institution for medical school but was deemed too young.   Embarking on a masters degree, he wrote his thesis on anatomy before later being permitted to commence his medical studies.   Receiving his medical degree on March 28, 1850, Crawford elected to enter the US Army as a surgeon the following year.   Applying for an assistant surgeon position, he achieved a record score on the entrance exam.   Over the next decade, Crawford moved through a variety of posts on the frontier and commenced a study of the natural sciences.   Pursuing this interest, he submitted papers to the Smithsonian Institution as well as engaged with geographical societies in other countries.   Ordered to Charleston, SC in September 1860, Crawford served as a surgeon for Forts Moultrie and Sumter.   In this role, he endured the bombardment of Fort Sumter which signaled the beginning of the Civil War in April 1861.   Though the forts medical officer, Crawford oversaw a battery of guns during the fighting.   Evacuated to New York, he sought a career change the following month and received a majors commission in the 13th US Infantry. Samuel Crawford - Early Civil War:   In this role through the summer, Crawford became assistant inspector general for the Department of Ohio in September.   The following spring, he received a promotion to brigadier general on April 25 and command of a brigade in the Shenandoah Valley.   Serving in Major General Nathaniel Banks II Corps of the Army of Virginia, Crawford first saw combat at the Battle of Cedar Mountain on August 9.   In the course of the fighting, his brigade mounted a devastating attack that shattered the Confederate left.   Though successful, a failure by Banks to exploit the situation forced Crawford to withdraw after taking heavy losses.   Returning to action in September, he led his men onto the field at the Battle of Antietam.   Engaged at the northern part of the battlefield, Crawford ascended to division command due to casualties in XII Corps.   This tenure proved brief as he was wounded in the right thigh.   Collapsing from loss of blood, Crawford was taken from the field.    à ‚      Samuel Crawford - Pennsylvania Reserves: Returning to Pennsylvania, Crawford recovered at his fathers house near Chambersburg.   Plagued by setbacks, the wound took nearly eight months to heal properly.   In May 1863, Crawford resumed active duty and took command of the Pennsylvania Reserve Division in the Washington, DC defenses.   This post had previously been held by Major Generals John F. Reynolds and George G. Meade.   A month later, the division was added to Major General George Sykes V Corps in Meades Army of the Potomac.   Marching north with two brigades, Crawfords men joined in the pursuit of General Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia.   Upon reaching the Pennsylvania border, Crawford halted the division and gave a rousing speech imploring his men to defend their home state. Arriving at the Battle of Gettysburg around noon on July 2, the Pennsylvania Reserves paused for brief respite near Powers Hill.   Around 4:00 PM, Crawford received orders to take his men south to aid in blocking an attack by Lieutenant General James Longstreets corps.   Moving out, Sykes removed one brigade and sent it to support the line on Little Round Top.   Reaching a point just north of that hill with his remaining brigade, Crawford paused as Union troops driven from the Wheatfield retreated through his lines.   With support from Colonel David J. Nevins VI Corps brigade, Crawford led a charge across Plum Run and drove back the approaching Confederates.   In the course of the attack, he seized the divisions colors and personally led his men forward.   Successful in halting the Confederate advance, the divisions efforts forced the enemy back across the Wheatfield for the night. Samuel Crawford - Overland Campaign: In the weeks after the battle, Crawford was compelled to take leave due to issues relating to his Antietam wound and malaria which he had contracted during his time in Charleston.   Resuming command of his division in November, he led it during the abortive Mine Run Campaign.   Surviving the reorganization of the Army of the Potomac the following spring, Crawford retained command of his division which served in Major General Gouverneur K. Warrens V Corps.   In this role, he took part in Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grants Overland Campaign that May which saw his men engaged at the Wilderness, Spotsylvania Court House, and Totopotomoy Creek.   With the expiration of the bulk of his mens enlistments, Crawford was shifted to lead a different division in V Corps on June 2. A week later, Crawford took part in the beginning of the Siege of Petersburg and in August saw action at Globe Tavern where he was wounded in the chest.   Recovering, he continuing to operate around Petersburg through the fall and received a brevet promotion to major general in December.   On April 1, Crawfords division moved with V Corps and a force of Union cavalry to attack Confederate forces at Five Forks under the overall command of Major General Philip Sheridan.   Due to faulty intelligence, it initially missed the Confederate lines, but later played a role in the Union victory.   Ã‚   Samuel Crawford - Later Career: With the collapse of the Confederate position at Petersburg the next day, Crawfords men took part in resulting Appomattox Campaign which saw Union forces pursue Lees army west.   On April 9, V Corps aided in hemming in the enemy at Appomattox Court House which led to Lee surrendering his army.   With the end of the war, Crawford traveled to Charleston where he took part in ceremonies that saw the American flag re-hoisted above Fort Sumter.   Remaining in the army for another eight years, he retired on February 19, 1873 with the rank of brigadier general.   In the years after the war, Crawford earned the ire of several other Civil War leaders by repeatedly attempting to claim that his efforts at Gettysburg saved Little Round Top and were key to the Union victory. Traveling extensively in his retirement, Crawford also worked to preserve land at Gettysburg.   These efforts saw him purchase the land along Plum Run over which his division charged.   In 1887, he published  The Genesis of the Civil War: The Story of Sumter, 1860-1861 which detailed the events leading up to the battle and was the result of twelve years of research.   Crawford died on November 3, 1892 at Philadelphia and was buried in the citys Laurel Hill Cemetery.   Ã‚   Selected Sources Gettysburg: Major General Samuel CrawfordStone Sentinels: Major General Samuel CrawfordFind a Grave: Major General Samuel Crawford

A Good Man is Hard to Find and Everything that Rises Must Converge Essay

A Good Man is Hard to Find and Everything that Rises Must Converge - Essay Example Flannery O’Connor is known for her few short stories that were published during and after her lifetime. â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† was released in the year 1955 along with other short pieces of fiction. In these two stories we can see how the characters’ beliefs and their lack of ability to adapt themselves to their surroundings and the daily changes that are occurring in the world have an impact on their lives as well as of those around them. â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† is a story about a middleclass family living in the Atlantis. The family consists of a grandmother, her son and his wife, and their three children. It is the unnamed grandmother who is shown to be having the strongest character out of all of them. She is the prime example of someone who thoroughly showcases her belief in Christianity – or the way that she interprets the religion to be like – and is very selfish with respect to others and what they want. To her, i t is only her needs that count and the others should ignore theirs just to fulfill what she wants. She believes in knowing her family roots and acting appropriately so she dresses like a lady even though they are not rich. The way she reacts later on when the family is passing by the cotton fields makes it clear that she is also quite prejudiced against the African Americans even though the others are more accepting. When her son informs her of the trip to Florida, she gets into a rage and insists on going to East Tennessee instead since that is where the family home is and she wants to visit it. However, the rest of the family does not agree with her plans and to take revenge, she tries to make the journey as uncomfortable as possible for the rest of them. Clearly, she is not the stereotyped grandmother who sacrifices her wants for those of her grandchildren or her own children but, rather, it is the other way round. She shows her son news – â€Å"Now look here, Bailey, see here, read this† – about a gang in Florida who were known murderers, the head of which was a man called the Misfit (O'Connor, A Good Man Is Hard To Find par. 1). This was to warn him off since travelling in the same area where a gang of murderers was rumored to be was not safe for the family to go to – anything that would influence her son into changing his mind about going to Florida was welcome regardless of how serious the news actually was. However, that tactic did not work either as Bailey just ignores her. It is because of her selfishness that she wants to ruin the vacation of the rest of the family since her demands are not being fulfilled. During the road trip, she mentions remembering a mansion in Florida and, surprisingly enough, the children express intent of seeing it for themselves. The family – not realizing that her old age and manipulative streak meant a conveniently faulty memory – agree to go and look for it. Bailey tells the fami ly that it would be â€Å"the one and only time ... (they were) going to stop† (O'Connor, A Good Man Is Hard To Find par. 53) as they could not afford to do that repeatedly. Ironically enough, his last words do come true to the last bit. That stop does end up being their last stop to anywhere on earth. The grandmother’s cat creates chaos, distracting Bailey and leading to a car accident. That is not the real tragedy though; they do come out safe, the wife with the broken arm being the only casualty other than the busted up car, of course. But, the crash nudges the Misfit and his crew out of hiding. Once they see the family, the Misfit stays with the grandmother who professes that she recognized him from the papers and unconsciously leads

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'radical change - Essay Example On the other hand, in the development process, a large organisation may come face-to-face with momentous need for radical and fundamental change. In most instances, changes in a large organisation may be triggered by several circumstances that include: emerging threat from a competitor, decision to expand the company’s market, unexpected reduction in the company’s production and profitability, change in customers’ needs and demands as well as sharp slide in the company’s production (Pardo Del Val and Fuentes 2003, p.149). Therefore, to ensure the success of any radical change in an organisation, leader and managers ought to come up with a promising and an effective mechanism to facilitate effective implementation of the required change. Additionally, the adoption of a strategy that would incorporate ideas and views from all stakeholders is also essential and critical for the company’s development (Thornhill, Lewis, Millmore, and Saunders 2000, p.11) . The essay below will as a result identify and expound on the most effective means of addressing the financial crises in Associated Dairies & Farm Stores Limited

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Business Overview of Amway Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Overview of Amway - Essay Example This has been a prudent approach in business as it has enhanced its performance all over the world (Jones 23). Apparently, the company has been recording a positive growth over the last seven years. In the recent reported sales, it was declared that the company made sales amounting to over 11 billion USD. This shows that it is a company that is on the helm of attaining greater performance. According to Forbes, the company was ranked as one of the largest private companies in the United States clinching number 25 in 2012. Similarly, Deloitte ranked it number 114 among the largest global retailers in the year 2006. Market Advantages. Amway is a company that has been appreciating a larger market share with each passing year. This poses an advantage to the company as it accrues greater sales. This is a market advantage for the company as it increases its sales (Deangelo 12). Due to globalization, the company has spread its company affiliations in many other countries. This is an added ad vantage as it gets greater demand for its products. For instance, the company has spread its market share in over 100 countries and territories in the world. This creates a substantial demand for its products since there are many people that will create a demand for the products in all these countries. Similarly, the approach of using other companies to sell its products has been to the advantage, since it has many retailers and outlets (LLC Books 13). This creates a large supply chain of the products all over the market. As such, the company continues to make greater sales, which is an advantage over other retailers in the market. Amway is a company that has substantial amounts of capital for investments, mergers and takeovers. As such, it has the resources that are needed to extend its market share. This has made it possible for the company to make international expansion. This poses an advantage to the company as it increases the demand market for its products. When there is suff icient capital, the business makes initiatives of investing in providing other products that enhance its performance. Similarly, the company has a vital resource which is labor (Jones 32). It has more than 20, 000 employees who are vital in fostering development. With such a large number of employees, the company is likely to make a positive accrual in its business. This is due to the efficient and sufficient labor that is available. This states the reason why the business has been marking an improving in a seven year streak. Amway is headed by a competent management team. The performance of a company is dependent on the management team. Therefore, a company that has a competent management team is likely to make greater performance in the market. This is one of the strategies that are used by Amway (LLC Books 11). Through the leadership of Andel and Devos, the company has been able to incorporate a perfect management team that deals with its operations. As such, the company has been making positive performance and an improvement over time. Similarly, it has its headquarters in Michigan, which is a strategic place. This makes operations easier as the company focuses more on making an improvement. Branding. A business is determined by the performance of its brands in the market. Strong brands in the market reflect a positive accrual to a business as they attract a larger market niche. To begin with, Amway has a number of well performing brands in the m