Prevention Of Mother Transmission Of Hiv - 3471 Words

Background: The 2013 WHO guidelines incorporated simplified and more effective antiretroviral regimens for the purposes of preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV. With ideal implementation of these recommendations, perinatal HIV transmission could be reduced to less than 2%. However, loss to follow-up (LTFU) has the potential to erode the success of programs and a number of studies report high rates of LTFU within the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) care cascade. We evaluated the timing and magnitude of LTFU in a large programmatic PMTCT cohort in Nigeria in order to focus future efforts to reduce loss in this high burden setting. Methods: From 2004-2014, the APIN/Harvard PEPFAR program supported antenatal HIV screening for nearly one million pregnant women and provided PMTCT care to over 30,000 women. The care cascade for women enrolling in the PMTCT program includes antenatal, delivery, and infant follow-up services through 12-18 months of life. In this retrospective cohort analysis, we examined data collected between 2004-2014 from 31 clinical sites in Nigeria and assessed the numbers of mothers and infants enrolled and LTFU at various points along the care cascade. Results: Among 31,504 women (median age 30, IQR: 27-34) entering PMTCT care during the antenatal period, 20,679 (66%) completed the entire cascade of services including antenatal, delivery, and at least one infant follow-up visit. The median gestational age at presentationShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of HIV Testing In Pregnant Women1294 Words   |  6 PagesHIV can be transmitted from an HIV infected mother to her newborn child. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), without antiretroviral treatment of the mother, up to 30% of infants born to HIV positive mother’s become infected with HIV themselves. The number increases to 35%-50% if the mother breastfeeds the baby (aidsinfonet, 2014). The risk of HIV transmission to the infant from the mother decreases significantly if the mother used antiretrovirals throughout pregnancy and labor. If theRead MoreRole Of And Nature Of Public Health Research1251 Words   |  6 PagesTOPIC TITTLE: Elimination of the Mother To Child Transmission of HIV (eMTCT) program: An evaluation of practices by health care workers in selected Primary health care centers, Zambia. IMPORTANCE OF THE CHOSEN HEALTH ISSUE: In Zambia, 13% of adults age 15-49 are infected with HIV. 15% of them are women and 11 percent are men (dhsprogram.com, 2015). 16.4% of pregnant women attending antenatal clinics are HIV positive and 35% of all HIV exposed babies are born HIV positive (Unicef.org, 2015). ThisRead MoreThe Major Challenges For Hiv Prevention And Control In1305 Words   |  6 PagesThe Major Challenges for HIV Prevention and Control in Liangshan Prefecture: As one of the typical concentrated contiguous destitute areas, Liangshan Prefecture has suffered from poverty, ignorance, drug trafficking, and various diseases. The general lack of awareness of HIV prevention in the majority of the Liangshan population is co-existing with the dissociation between their awareness and actions. The frequent and unregulated migration, the regional violation of birth-control and the over-birthRead MoreEffective Methods to Reduce the Spread of HIV1488 Words   |  6 PagesIntervention: Prevention and protection is the most cost effective method to reduce the spread of HIV. In mid-1990s Cambodias prevention efforts have centered generally on encouraging the condom use among men when participating in business sex and swaying men to diminish their business sex activity. In 1999, the Cambodian government launched a 100% condom usage campaign among the brothel sex workers that was modeled from Thailands successful program. Education was one of the best measuresRead MoreMother to Child Transmission of Aids in Africa809 Words   |  4 PagesMother to Child Transmission of AIDS in Africa G.T. English Composition II A.L. Jan 26, 2010 How do you tell a child they have AIDS? How many kids are born with AIDS in Africa? Due to the epidemic of AIDS in Africa should the United States assist in supplying mothers who test HIV positive baby formula to discourage breastfeeding? HIV is not spread through pregnancy, but in breast milk. It would make a difference if mothers who are HIV positive in Africa did not breastfeedRead MoreGovernment Policies on Hiv/Aids, Prevention and Control969 Words   |  4 Pagespolicies on HIV/AIDS, prevention and control (20mks) Definition of terms Government policies- These are the course of actions or inactions taken by the state with regard to a particular issue. HIV- This is the virus that destroys the human immune system leaving the body defenseless hence vulnerable to other infections. AIDS- The disease presents itself as a collection of signs and symptoms resulting from lowered immunity mostly due to HIV hence referred to as a syndrome. Prevention- It refersRead MoreIncreasing Number Of Infections Among Women1728 Words   |  7 Pagesinfections. The issue of HIV and AIDS should be seen in the larger context of promoting the welfare of children. Rather than just developing HIV and AIDS specific strategies, the different governments, development agencies and civil society must collaborate to develop and implement HIV and AIDS sensitive strategies that will make a difference globally. WHO currently assists Indonesia and the rest of the global community to reduce the percentage of mother-to-child transmission to less than 5%. IndonesiaRead MoreHIV and AIDS Worldwide804 Words   |  3 PagesWorldwide, HIV/AIDS poses an enormous challenge on the survival of mankind. HIV is the leading cause of mortality among women of reproductive age worldwide and is a major contributor to maternal, infant and child morbidity and mortality (1). 33.4 million People are estimated to be living with HIV worldwide; 15.7 million are women and 2 million are children younger than 15 years of age (1). With an adult prevalence of 5.2% in 2008, sub-Sahar an Africa (SSA) has been the most severely HIV stricken regionRead MoreHiv And The Transmission Of Hiv1354 Words   |  6 PagesEpidemiology: HIV is known to be transmitted through blood products, semen and vaginal secretions, making the transmission of HIV infection most commonly through sexual contact and IV drug use. HIV can enter the body through contact with the bloodstream or by passing through delicate mucous membranes, such as inside the vagina, rectum or urethra (The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: HIV/AIDS, 2015). The transmission routes for HIV make unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected partnerRead MoreThe Hiv 1 Life Cycle1653 Words   |  7 PagesThe HIV-1 life cycle is complicated and its period and result is contingent upon the target cell type and cell activation. In the beginning, HIV-1 enters the cells without producing instant damage but by entering the cells it can provoke intracellular signal cascades, which may assist the progress of viral replication. The external glycoprotein (gp120) and the transmembrane protein (gp141) are two molecules on the HIV-1 envelope that form the spi kes on the virion’s surface. In the entry process,

Women s Rights By Elizabeth Cady Stanton - 1015 Words

Women in the 1920’s were expected to keep out of the public eye. They were not allowed to vote, or serve on juries. Legally, they were supposed to be subordinated. Women did not have the same rights as men pertaining to their political involvement. Because of this unfair inequality towards them, women decided to take a stance. In 1848 the movement for women’s rights was organize on a worldwide status. In July, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott created the first women’s rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York. More than 300 people (women, a couple of men and african americans) attended. Their belief was that women should be provided with better opportunities revolving around education and employment, and that they deserved to have a voice in their government. Elizabeth Cady Stanton composed a â€Å"Declaration of Sentiments† document, influenced from The Declaration of Independence, which stated: â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident: t hat all men and women are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.† Women believed they should have a right to vote. However, after this assembly, the idea of a woman being able to vote was teased in the press, which lead delegates to take back their support. Elizabeth Stanton died in 1902 and Susan B. Anthony in 1906 ,which slowed down their movement. Between 1910 and 1918, the Alaska Territory, Arizona, Arkansas,Show MoreRelatedElizabeth Cady Stanton : Women s Rights1922 Words   |  8 Pages Abstract Elizabeth Cady Stanton forever changed the social and political landscape of the United States of America by succeeding in her work to guarantee rights for women and slaves. Elizabeth Cady Stanton was a leader in the 19th century for women’s activist and women’s suffrage leader. As an active American abolitionist, she gave many lectures and wrote books. Among those fighting for women’s rights, she was a primary leader. Though she was interested in women’s rights from many perspectivesRead MoreElizabeth Cady Stanton : A Radical For Women s Rights1105 Words   |  5 PagesLois W. Banner is the author of Elizabeth Cady Stanton: A Radical for Women s Rights. She is also the author of many other books based on women, such as Women in Modern America: A Brief History. Banner wrote this book in order to showcase to the world all of the situatuions that Elizabeth Cady Stanton faced and overcame. This very informative novel shows how Stanton has had doors opened for the population of women. She received her PhD at Columbia University. As a history professor at the UniversityRead MoreElizabeth Cady Stanton : Women s Rights888 Words   |  4 PagesElizabeth Cady Stanton was a woman that can be best described under a countless amount of titles. She was a women’s rights activist, feminist, editor, writer, abolitionist, and the list continues. Living in a world in which women were made to feel inferior, Stanton utilized this oppression as a catalyst for permeating into male â€Å"territory†. Fortunately for her, particular opportunities came about naturally, being that she was raised in a privileged household. Her parents were of high respect in theirRead MoreElizabeth Cady Stanton : Women s Rights978 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the late 1830s through the late 1870s women had little to no rights when it came to certain situations. Some women Such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Catherine Beecher and Mary Livermore all had their diffe rent opinions on women rights. Elizabeth Cady Stanton who was a woman activist believed that when it comes to marriage a woman should have the same equal opportunities as a man. Catherine Beecher a prominent writer believed that women should have no rights when it comes to abolition societies. BeecherRead MoreElizabeth Cady Stanton: Fighting for Womens Rights Essay986 Words   |  4 PagesElizabeth Cady Stanton Elizabeth Cady Stanton didn’t want to be remembered as a household but the women they will admire. The purpose of this paper is to explain the life of Elizabeth Stanton and how she had a huge effect on the outcome of seeking equal rights for woman. Early Childhood First of all, the most famous influential feminist lead was known when she was a child. Elizabeth was born in November 12, 1815 in Johnstown, NY (Elizabeth Cady Stanton Biography). Her father was a judge andRead MoreEssay on Elizabeth Cady Stantons Fight for Equality 1252 Words   |  6 PagesElizabeth Cady Stanton was not just a mother, daughter, feminist, and writer; but she is the woman who changed the lives of women everywhere by fighting for equality. Stanton lived a normal childhood, but one that motivated her to never give up hope in reaching her goal. A quick background of her life will help better understand why she became such a powerful woman’s rights activist. Also, what she accomplished that changed history and how it still affects us today in 2011. I will also express myRead MoreElizabeth Cady Stanton : America s First Feminist1222 Words   |  5 Pages Elizabeth Cady Stanton: America’s First Feminist Feminism. The word, depending on the person, could leave a sweet or sour taste. It means, simply, â€Å"The advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men†(oxforddictionaries.com). But the connotation varies, from the aggressive to the convincing. When the eight-letter word pops into someone s brain, they might picture powerful modern and inspiring figures, like Malala Yousafzai, the youngest person, maleRead MoreElizabeth Cady Stantons Heroic Qualities737 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction- background on mid-late 1800’s and the Civil Rights Movement. Define what it would take to be a hero during that time period. (Thesis) Elizabeth Cady Stanton demonstrated how she was a hero through her passion for women’s rights, her courage to stand up for what she believed, and her ability to overcome the discrimination that she faced all her life. Elizabeth Cady Stanton showed heroism through her strong passion for women’s rights. All throughout her life, Stanton’s actions showedRead MoreWomen s Degradation By Elizabeth Cady Stanton928 Words   |  4 Pagessexual rights. Our religion, laws and customs are all founded on the belief that woman was made for man† (Stanton) Believed to be one of the greatest and most influential feminists of not only her generation, but of all time, Elizabeth Cady Stanton paved the way for women and their rights in a time when they had none. Elizabeth, was one of the first feminist theorists in America and through her beliefs that women deserve equality and equal rights, she paved the way for the future of women and herRead More`` The Best Protection Any Woman Can Have Courage Essay1669 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The best protection any woman can have is courage† -Elizabeth Cady Stanton. The antebellum period was of rapid technological change and westward expansion. This time rose a belief of Manifest Destiny and the rise of abolitionism. The antebellum period brought out great change to the nation ;however, the greatest change was the change of social attitudes toward the women in this time period. Women started slowly emerging out of their traditional roles in a fight to eventually be seen as an equal

Security Monitoring Free Essays

Security Monitoring Amy Smart CMGT/442 University of Phoenix Online Instructor: James Summerlin April 15,2013 Security Monitoring In this paper we will be discussing security monitoring techniques that can and should be used within an organization to help put together an solid action plan when there is an risk identified. For any business or organization to ensure that they are conducting quality business to their customers as well as achieving their business goals should consider risk management as an huge part of their organization. Security Monitoring Process The organization IT department and e- commerce applications are the ones that conduct security monitoring and measuring. We will write a custom essay sample on Security Monitoring or any similar topic only for you Order Now Security monitoring is very important, because it is the process of preventing attacks and responding to threats that could happen in the future. An organizations can prevent small risk from turning into a bigger and more expensive problem by taking preventative steps. The IT department should be monitoring the system at all times and it must be implemented both externally and internally. However the first step each organization should take when starting the monitoring system is to first discuss what a potential risk is. For an organization to truly have an secure system they must determine an list of risk. Businesses and organizations can use security monitoring to ensure both integrity and confidentiality for sensitive information. As well as holding IT administrators responsible for keeping their organizations sensitive and financial assets safe and secure from unwanted eyes. Internal IT and Secure Monitoring Processes The security monitoring activities that should be conducted in an organization with both internal IT payroll, human resources, inventory, general ledger, inventory monitoring. However these internal structures constantly grow and increase revenue and the possible risks are also always growing and increasing. So for an organization to make sure that there information is safe and secure they will have to make sure that they have their network secure. There are an number of tools an business or organization could use to help keep the network secure, but we will only be discussing a few. The first step would be to create an good an strong password. The pros on having an password would be that it helps to protect unwanted users on their computers. However employees could forget the password so the organization would have to decide if that was an problem then they may want to have an only IT members knowing the password. Then we would have to decide which network firewall would work best for their business. The network firewall is very important to have, because it protects the network from unwanted users and can be used from small company networks to large corporate system. Another great tool to use to keep the organization network secure internet filtering software and monitoring tools, which would be used to protect their employers from inappropriate usage from their employees. Lastly vulnerability assessment and penetration testing is an very great tool to use, because any company that does any business online should and needs to perform an regular vulnerability assessment on their network. The next step in keeping all the organization personal and financial information secure would be to set in place an antivirus protection. Antivirus is important to have because it will protect the computer and the information store in it safe from virus that can wreak havoc on your computer and the information store upon it as well. However antivirus cannot do it alone so by also making sure the organization computer are always up-to- date and running properly is another step closer to being fully protected. Some examples of Antivirus software would be Norton, AVG, Shield Deluxe, or Panda Antivirus Pro, and all are very good antivirus software to use to keep their computers safe and secure. Data security is the next step in which an organization needs to take to make sure that their whole system is safe and secure from the inside out. Establishing an strong password is the first level of defense to keeping data secure. The next would be to make sure that there is an strong firewall, by having firewalls in place will help to keep the network properly protected from viruses and hackers. Data security is also achieved by having antivirus and anti- malware which is an systems last line of defense if everything else has failed. Having an organizations computer systems up to date and running properly is another great step to keeping their data safe, because if their computer software is not up to date then it won’t be able to provide the upmost protection towards their personal data. Performing backups to the external hard drive is the best way to insure that all the data is stored safely. Then lastly is to have their IT department monitor diligently so that they can look for specific information coming out of their network. In conclusion we have discussed the security monitoring activities that should be conducted in an organization with both internal IT payroll, human resources, inventory, general ledger, inventory monitoring. As well as how important each one of these activities are and how they help to monitor and keep their system safe and secure from unwanted eyes. How to cite Security Monitoring, Papers

Second Form at Malory Towers free essay sample

Young tomorrow! Shall we tell anyone? asked Betty. Not a soul, said Alicia. Someones sure to give it away by giggling if we do. No—well let dear Mr. Young spring this surprise himself on an astonished audience! Neither Betty nor Alicia did much prep that night Potty, who was taking prep, looked with suspicion at the two plotters and wondered what was up. It was obvious that their thoughts were pleasantly and humorously engaged far elsewhere. Potty knew the signs. She warned Miss Parker. Those two in your form, Alicia and Betty, are up to something. Miss Parker. Look out tomorrow. You’ll have an unaccountable smell, or a curious noise, or an orgy of book-dropping or something. Thanks. said Miss Parker grimly. I’ll watch out. But she could see nothing out of the way in her first lesson, or in her second one either. The girls worked much as usual. Only Alicia and Betty seemed restless. But then they often were, especially Alicia, whose quick mind often chafed at the slower rate of the others. The lesson before Break was singing. Just before the second lesson was finished Betty put up her hand, Please, Miss Parker, its my turn to get things ready for Mr. Young in the singing-room. May I go? Miss Parker glanced at the clock. Yes. You have about four minutes. Betty flashed a quick grin at Alicia and went demurely to the door. Once outside she raced down the corridor and made her way to the singing-room. No one was there. Mr. Young was always a minute or two late, thank goodness! Betty flew to the piano stool. It was the round leather-topped kind, that could be screwed round and round. Betty took out her piece of pink chalk and rubbed it vigorously all over the top of the round stool. She was sure there was not a single spot unchalked, though, of course, she could not see anything of what she had done at all. It certainly was invisible chalk! Then she quickly sent the stool spinning round till it was too low for Mr. Young. If ever it was too low or too high he had a little habit of sitting on the stool and going round and round with it till it had reached the height he liked. If only he did that today it would give the chalk a wonderful chance of getting properly on to him! Betty stacked the music ready and cleaned the blackboard. Then there came the sound of feet and the first form marched into the room under the sharp eye of Miss Potts. Then came the second form. Alicias eyes were bright. Betty grinned at her and winked. Then she went to hold the door for the two mistresses to go out and for Mr. Young to come in. In he trotted, a dapper little man in a well-brushed black suit and a too-high collar. He smoothed his pointed moustache and bowed politely to the girls. Good morning, young ladies. Good morning, Mr. Young, they chorused, and rustled their song-sheets. The lesson began. Mr. Young took some blackboard drill for five minutes, explaining various notes and signs. Then he went to the piano. Betty nudged Alicia and held her breath. But, most annoyingly, Mr. Young did not sit down. He struck a few notes with one hand, standing facing the girls as he did so, his baton raised. Exercises, please, he said. I wish to see your mouths well open, and to hear the sound coming from the Back of the Throat. Mr. Young set great store on the Back of the Throat. It was always coming into everything, exercises, songs and sight-reading. Back of the Throat was his one unfailing motto. Now he stood, instead of sitting, and conducted the exercises. Alicia was in agonies of disappointment. Suppose he didnt sit down at all? Probably the next person then, to sit down would be the accompanist of the mistress who taught dancing—and she always wore a brightly coloured frock so that the chalk wouldnt show at all. What a waste! But Mr. Young did sit down eventually, of course. He had a new song to teach to the girls, and, as always, he wanted to play the whole thing through two or three The chalk ought to be working now! times before he taught it, so that the girls could catch the hit and swing and tune of it So down he sat. Aha! That stool was once more too low! Mr. Young twirled himself vigorously round on it till it was the right height. The girls giggled. Mr. Young could never realize how funny he was, twirling round lightly on that little stool. Now I will play you your new song, said Mr. Young. You may sit to listen to it. You will hear when the chorus comes, for I will sing it to you. Off he started, tumty-tum-ti-tam, his hands flying up and down, and then his voice booming out at the chorus. Alicia and Betty winked at one another. The chalk ought to be working now t Three times Mr. Young played the song and then he got up. Did you like it? he asked, and the girls chorused loudly. Oh, yes, Mr. Young! Mr. Young turned towards the blackboard and picked up a piece of white chalk. At once the girls saw that he was smeared with the brightest pink at the back! They stared in delight. Look at Mr. Young! Whats he rubbed against? Oh, do look! Soon the class was in a state of giggle and Mr. Young glared round. Silence, please! What behaviour is this today? There was a momentary silence, but as soon as the unfortunate s inging-master turned back to the board again more giggles broke out Then Irene gave one of her terrific explosions. Mr. Young flung the chalk down on the floor. He looked as if he was about to stamp on it and probably he would have done so if the door hadnt suddenly opened, and Miss Grayling appeared. She had someone with her. Oh, excuse me for interrupting your class, Mr. Young, she said. But could you just have a word with Mr. Lemming about the piano here? Mr. Young had to swallow his annoyance and explain what was wrong with the piano. In doing so he turned his back to Miss Grayling who eyed this patch of brilliant pink with the utmost astonishment. The girls were as quiet as mice now, and Alicia and Betty felt distinctly anxious. Miss Grayling turned to Sally, the head of the second form. Will you go to the hall and fetch the clothes brush there? she said. Poor Mr. Young has brushed against something. Sally flew off and fetched